between the module eigengene E and the trait T can be defined, for example, using correlation (Equation 2) or a p-value (Equation 3) obtained from a univariate regression model between E and T. Modules with high trait significance may represent pathways associated with the sample trait. Genes with high module membership in modules related to traits (Figure 3B) are natural candidates for further validation [10,14,15,18].
