lipids and proteins, and which may not require cannabinoid-receptor mediated action [18,36,78]. Research on the role of cannabinoids in animal models of binge drinking has found evidence for cannabinoids as a neuroprotectant against binge alcohol toxicity in hippocampal regions when both substances are administered concurrently [36]. Furthermore, binge alcohol-related modulation of cannabinoid receptors may also contribute to the cellular mechanisms of neuroprotection. Binge alcohol consumption in animals has been found to initially down-regulate CB1 receptors (after 2 days of withdrawal), then up-regulate CB1 receptors later, after 40 days of withdrawal [62]. Given how widely used cannabis and alcohol are alone and in combination, a greater understanding of their interactive, neuroprotective, and neurotoxic effects is important.
