associated with substance use in adolescence (Chassin et al. 2003; Hawkins et al. 1992; Wills et al. 2005). One limitation observed in the vast majority of studies negatively linking self-regulation and related constructs such as effortful control to adolescent problem behavior is that they relied exclusively on self-report. An aim of our study was to effectively utilize a latent effortful control construct using both youth and parent report, as well as teacher-reported items relevant to adolescents’ effortful control.
