The following chemicals were used at the specified concentrations: TGFβ inhibitor SB431542 10 μM (Reagents Direct; #21-A94); PI3K inhibitor LY294002 10 μM (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louise, MO; #L9908); PD032591 MAPK inhibitor 1 μM (Axon medichem; #Axon140); CHIR99021 3 μM (Axon Medichem; #Axon1386); MMP-9 Inhibitor I 10 nM (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; #sc-311–437); FCCP 0.5 μM, Rotenone+Antimycin A 1 μM and 0.1 μM (Rot/AA) and 2-Deoxy-D-glucose 5 mM (2-DG) (Sigma). DMSO was used as a solvent and as a vehicle control in the respective experiments.
