Alcohol Dependence (AD) is a global health problem and one of the leading risk factors for death and disability (Collaborators, 2018, Rehm and Shield, 2019, Edenberg and Foroud, 2013). Alcohol dependence was defined in the fourth edition (revised) of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV) (American_Psychiatric_Association, 2000) by the presence of 3 or more of 7 criteria in a 12-month period. Criteria are tolerance, withdrawal, drinking more than intended, desire to cut drinking, giving up activities, time spent drinking and excessive alcohol consumption despite problems. The fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (American_Psychiatric_Association, 2013) integrated AD and alcohol abuse into a single disorder, alcohol use disorder (AUD; for a comparison see NIH Publication No: 13–7999). There are 11 criteria in DSM-5 (that include those in DSM-IV), and an individual meeting of any two of the 11 criteria in a 12-month period is diagnosed with AUD.
