Nineteen items adapted from two empirically validated scales (Straus, 1979, 1990; Wyatt, 1985) were used to assess maltreatment before age 18. Scales of these items have excellent reliability (intraclass coefficients, 0.79–0.88 (Ruan et al., 2008)). A factor analysis of these 19 items conducted previously (Keyes et al., 2012) indicated that a five-factor model with a latent dimension for each maltreatment type (sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect) provided excellent fit to the data. This five-factor model was used in the present analyses.
