Our deep population survey has identified hotspots of SV mutation that cannot be accounted for by deep coalescence or segmental duplication content. We describe hitherto undescribed patterns of SV complexity, particularly for inversions. These patterns indicate that other more complex mutational processes outside of non-allelic homologous recombination, retrotransposition, and non-homologous end-joining played an important role in shaping our genome. In spite of this, it remains difficult to fully disentangle the contributions of SV mutation rates and selective forces to the observed variant clustering. The findings presented here leveraged substantial recent technological advances, including increases in Illumina read length and developments in long-read DNA technologies. SV discovery remains a challenge nonetheless, and the full complexity and spectrum of SV is not yet understood. Our analyses, for example, are largely based on 7.4-fold Illumina WGS and, thus, are underpowered to capture much of the complexity of variation, including SVs in repetitive regions, non-reference insertions, and short SVs at the boundaries of the detection limits of read-depth and paired-end-based SV discovery4. Furthermore, while many SVs in our callset are statistically phased, the diploid
