as in previous efforts17. The baseline model included covariates for sex, age, and genetic principal components (PCs), and genotyping array and batch. The choice of statistical model (e.g., least squares vs. logit) and adjustment of standard errors depended on (1) the phenotype distribution and (2) the cohort data structure (independent vs. clustered observations), see Supplementary Information section 5.2.4. We estimated 95% confidence intervals for ΔR2 using percentile method bootstrapping (1000 iterations).
