The Health Behavior in School-aged Children Survey (HBSC)is a World Health Organization international school-based survey designed to promote knowledge of adolescent health and risk behaviors, associated psychosocial correlates, and the context in which these behaviors occur(Currie et al., 2008). The survey is administered according to a standardized protocol which protects participants’ anonymity. Our sample consisted of 1308 tenth graders who participated in the 2005/2006 U.S. HBSC survey. Students in Grades 6to 10 were selected through weighted probability methods to ensure that the sample was representative of the U.S. school population. The survey was completed by 85% of eligible students (9016). Because of their low rates of substance use, sixth through ninth graders were excluded from analyses; 1559 10th graders were therefore eligible to be included in the sample. Additionally, we excluded 251 cases (16.1%) with missing data in any of our variables of interest including father and mother communication, and smoking, drinking or marijuana use in the past month, resulting in a study sample of 1308 adolescents. The selection of the current analytic sample is presented in Figure 1.
