dependence (Forman et al. 2004), cocaine dependence/use (Franken et al. 2007; Hester et al. 2007), and externalizing traits such as aggression, bullying, and defiance (Hall et al. 2007), and higher in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (Hajcak and Simons 2002; Johannes et al. 2001) and anxiety traits (Hajcak et al. 2003). Studies have shown that acute alcohol administration significantly reduced ERN amplitude (Bailey et al. 2014; Bartholow et al. 2012; Easdon et al. 2005; Holroyd and Yeung 2003; Ridderinkhof et al. 2002) (for a review on ERN and psychopathology, see Olvet and Hajcak 2008)]. Similarly, heavy drinkers also displayed a smaller ERN amplitude (Bartholow et al. 2012). By contrast, an ERN study (using an error paradigm) in alcoholism reported that ERN amplitudes were increased for alcohol-dependent patients compared with healthy control subjects, particularly in patients with comorbid anxiety disorders (Schellekens et al. 2010). As reviewed in the next sections (as part of N2 and P3 components of ERPs), given the findings that reduced feedback-related negativity (i.e., N2 during loss or gain) in reward paradigms was observed in alcoholics (Kamarajan et al. 2010) and those with a family history of alcoholism (Fein and Chang 2008), more studies are necessary to confirm findings
