Maltreatment by parents or other adult caregivers before entry into sixth grade (age 12) was assessed by retrospective reports using a four-item questionnaire administered during the wave III of data collection when the participants were young adults. Two items assessed neglect (How often had your parents of adult care-givers left you home alone when an adult should have been with you?; How often had your parents or other adult care-givers not taken care of your basic needs, such as keeping you clean or providing food or clothing?). One item assessed physical maltreatment (How often had your parents or other adult care-givers slapped, hit, or kicked you?). One item assessed sexual maltreatment (How often had one of your parents or other adult care-givers touched you in a sexual way, forced you to touch him or her in a sexual way, or forced you to have sexual relations?). The frequency, but not the severity, of each item was assessed via six response options: 1) never, 2) once, 3) twice, 4) three to five times, 5) six to ten times, 6) more than
