To measure technostress, we used six items on techno overload and techno invasion (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008) as a starting point and adapted these items for social media. The items included the following: (a) “I am forced to do more work than I can handle due to social media”; (b) “I am forced to work with tight time schedules due to social media”; (c) “I am forced to change my habits to adapt to new social media services”; (d) “I have to be always available due to social media”; (e) “I feel my personal life is being invaded by social media”; and (f) “I have to sacrifice my time to keep current on new social media services.” For all items, the scale ranged from 1 (disagree completely) to 7 (agree completely). The scale showed an excellent interitem reliability (T1: α = 0.89, T2: α = 0.90). The scale ranged from 6 to 42 (see Table 1 for details).Table 1Correlations and descriptive statistics of main variables.Table 1Continuous variablesRangeMSD1234567Technostress1. T1: before COVID-19 crisis6–4213.437.5812. T2: during COVID-19 crisis6–4213.757.510.69∗∗∗1Work exhaustion3. T1: before COVID-19 crisis0–3014.427.640.20∗∗∗0.18∗∗∗14.
