Genetic polymorphisms in the genes encoding ADH and ALDH enzymes result in isoforms with varying catalytic efficiencies for ethanol and acetaldehyde ((2, 121); Table 1). This, in turn, leads to substantial variability in alcohol metabolic rates that contribute to inter-individual differences in alcohol pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and susceptibility to AUD and alcohol-induced diseases (113, 167, 168).
