These DA effects appear to occur primarily in relation to D2 and D4 receptor sites within the prefrontal cortex (Winstanley et al., 2004). There is some evidence that the DAD2 receptors might serve to increase rates of rash action by decreasing the value of delayed rewards (Limosin et al., 2003). DA is very much involved in the amygdala to OFC circuit, and high levels of DA activity, particularly DA available to DAD2 and DAD4 receptors, is associated with high rates of rash or ill-considered acts (Floresco & Tse, 2007). (Interestingly, activation of the DAD1 receptors appears to lead to the opposite effect: an increase in the capacity to delay reinforcement: van-Gaalen, Brueggeman, Bronius, Schoffelmeer, & Vanderschuren, 2006; van-Gaalen, van-Koten, Schoffelmeer, & Vanderschuren, 2006.)
