Adjusted odds ratios for psychopathology by parental history and gender of offspring are presented in Table 4. In women, paternal alcoholism was associated with increased odds for any axis I and any axis II disorder, and for every individual disorder examined except dependent personality disorder; maternal alcoholism was associated with increased odds for any axis I and any axis II disorder, and for every disorder except hypomania, panic disorder, and pathological gambling. Similarly in men, paternal alcoholism was associated with increased odds for any axis I and any axis II disorder, and every individual axis I and axis II disorder except pathological gambling and dependent personality disorder. Maternal alcoholism in men was associated with increased odds for any axis I and any axis II disorder, and for many individual disorders but not mania, hypomania, panic disorder with agoraphobia, social phobia, pathological gambling, nicotine dependence, dependent personality disorder, or schizoid personality disorder.