Trials with large ERN amplitudes have also been associated with increased post-error slowing (Debener et al., 2005; Gehring, Goss, Coles, Meyer, & Donchin, 1993). However, not all studies have replicated this pattern of results (Gehring & Fencsik, 2001; Scheffers, Humphrey, Stanny, Kramer, & Coles, 1999). Interestingly, studies show that it is possible for subjects to make errors that they are unaware of – and these unaware errors are associated with normal ERNs but reduced post-error slowing (Endrass, Reuter, & Kathmann, 2007; Nieuwenhuis, Ridderinkhof, Blom, Band, & Kok, 2001). Therefore, post-error slowing appears to depend on error awareness, whereas the ERN does not.
