Both these previous associations emerge strongly here (Table 2). The most associated marker within PTPN22 (rs6679677: chromosome 1p13) is perfectly correlated (HapMap CEU data r2=1) with the functionally relevant SNP (rs2476601) described previously, and the effect size is consistent with previous estimates89. Amongst other putative RA susceptibility genes, two SNPs mapping to CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated 4) rs3087243 and rs11571300 were only nominally significant (P=0.085 and P=0.034, respectively) (Supplementary Table 10.)