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Chunk #1 — 1. Prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence and their impact on society

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Animal models for medications development targeting alcohol abuse using selectively bred rat lines: neurobiological and pharmacological validity.
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Today’s youth are initiating alcohol use earlier and experiencing more alcohol-related problems (Miller et al., 2001; Winters, 2001), whether they be men or women (Nelson et al., 1998; Kandel et al., 1997). Approximately 80% of high school seniors in the United States have consumed alcohol and half of them initiated drinking before the eighth grade (Johnston et al., 1999). This is significant as early onset of alcohol use is a strong predictor of future alcohol dependence (Grant and Dawson, 1997; Hawkins et al., 1997). Among college students, binge drinking is becoming more prevalent and is also a strong predictor of future alcohol-related problems in men and women from North America (Dawson et al., 2004; Johnston et al., 2008; Presley et al., 1994; Wechsler et al., 2000; White et al., 2006) and Europe (Kuntsche et al., 2004). Pattern of drinking and total volume consumed are important characteristics for evaluating alcohol abuse and its development into alcohol dependence (Heather et al., 1993; Lancaster, 1994). These drinking characteristics have also been used to develop different typologies and/or drinking profiles for alcoholics (Babor et