The MarketScan databases represent claims from both employer-sponsored and Medicaid insurance holders in the US.20 This captures longitudinal information on inpatient and outpatient health care utilization, diagnosis codes based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), and procedure codes. Prescription medication data provided information on medication quantity, dosing, and fill dates. Commercial data were available from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016. Medicaid data were available from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016. Because all data were deidentified, our study was exempt from human subjects review and the need for informed consent by the institutional review board at Washington University. This study follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) and RECORD-PE reporting guidelines.
