(Rosenfield, 1997), which may be applicable to alcohol treatment services. To replace proxy measures, we suggest development of direct assessments of labeling via the query of individuals’ perception of being labeled, the extent to which their addiction has been disclosed to others (Bos et al., 2009), or the experience of being referred to with a stigmatized label or diagnosis (e.g., drunk or alcoholic). Direct assessment of labeling would permit study of its impact on treatment utilization, which is not possible when treatment is used as a proxy for labeling.
