A large proportion of the sample had experienced traumatic events that did not involve direct physical or sexual trauma. By including these individuals in the ‘no trauma’ group it is conceivable that claims regarding haplotype / diplotype risk factors in ‘no trauma’ individuals might be inaccurate. Also, the sample is imbalanced with respect to sex, since there are many more men represented in the alcoholic cases than in the controls. Further, alcoholism is a complex phenotype such that dysregulation of the extra hypothalamic CRF system precipitated by traumatic exposure or otherwise, may be a more salient risk factor for some individuals than others. As such, more discrete clinical phenotypes, such as stress-induced craving (e.g., Ray, 2011), may be useful to elucidating the role of stress on alcoholism etiology and maintenance. Likewise, clinical predictors beyond adult traumatic exposure would be useful and may include constructs such as childhood trauma, chronic stress exposure, and recent stress exposure, all of which have been associated with worse psychiatric functioning (Huang et al., 2012, Mulia et al., 2008). In brief, refined phenotypes at the level
