has been previously shown31, we did not find in our results major differences in effect sizes between individuals of European and East Asian ancestry (Supplementary Fig. 7). However, this may be due to reduced power given the smaller number of individuals of East Asian ancestry. We tested a genetic risk score to identify individuals at risk of osteoporosis and fracture and showed that cumulatively, the identified variants generate a gradient of risk. These gradients reach ORs of 1.56 for osteoporosis and 1.60 for fractures when comparing participants with the highest risk scores with those reflecting the mean score. Yet, at present there is limited clinical utility in using this score as evidenced by the non-significant contribution to case discrimination after considering clinical risk factors with strong effects on osteoporosis and fracture risk (like age and weight). This is not unexpected given the small fraction of genetic risk for either BMD or fracture that has been identified thus far.
