In summary, findings from this study suggest that there are independent contributions of childhood physical and sexual abuse to AUD, CUD, and TUD, and of witnessing parental violence to AUD and TUD. Associations of all childhood IPVs and SUDs were relatively similar across race/ethnicity and gender, although associations of physical abuse with AUD and TUD were greater among males, and associations of parental violence and AUD were greater among females. Further, modest group differences in associations of parental violence with AUD indicated an increased risk for AUD among Hispanic women and American Indian men. This may reflect differing norms and rates of domestic violence and adult SUD among racial/ethnic and gender groups. Further research is needed to replicate and understand this finding. However, one clear implication is the importance of considering childhood trauma, culture, and gender in etiological models of SUD. When attempting to develop culturally appropriate intervention and prevention strategies, it is essential that mental health professionals understand the specific risk conferred by each IPV type and the specificity of that risk for SUD development across demographic characteristics. This
