Intracranial CSD profiles through generator regions are frequently characterized by substantial amounts of activity that is locally cancelled (closed), which may be difficult or impossible to identify at a distance. Such closed-field properties reflect the local structure of the tissue, rather than the emergence of an unforeseen spatial horizon for detecting the LFP. Incongruous findings must always be interpreted in the context of the volume-conduction model. A surface Laplacian CSD may likewise identify field cancellation on a larger scale, thereby providing a conservative standard (analogous to a intracranial dural image) against which more refined hypotheses and inverse models may be compared. CSD methods are also applicable to the study of network processes at all scales. The reduction of signal coherence (e.g., Pascual-Marqui, 1993) is an obvious advantage for spectral and time-frequency EEG applications that have been plagued by confounds from spurious correlations between signals. Compatible approaches have already been suggested for scalp (Tenke and Kayser, 2005) and intracranial resolutions (Maier et al., 2011).
