7 (use despite knowledge of harm) for alcohol dependence. Subjects who reported consuming less than three drinks (excluding liftetime abstainers) in a day were considered social drinkers and served as the control comparison group. Factor analysis of the alcohol dependence symptom counts indicated that cases represented a population with a wide range of vulnerability to alcohol dependence. In the primary GWAS case-control sample there were no genome-wide significant SNPs detected. However, SNPs within KCNMA1 and POMC were among the most significant associations observed in the European American and African American sample respectively (Fig. 1 and Table 3).
