father mental health were measured using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis and Melisaratos, 1983; Derogatis and Savitz, 2000), a 53-item self-report measure on which each parent indicated the presence of distress from symptoms of psychiatric disorders in the past six months (somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism subscales). These nine subscales were averaged separately for mother (α=.93) and for father (α=.94). Current mother and father deviant behavior were each measured with 11 self-report items (General Deviant Behavior Scale; Jessor et al., 1991) about general (non-substance) norm violations in the past six months (e.g., “How many times have you… taken something from a store without paying for it?”). Items were averaged within reporter.
