In addition to the NESARC, NHIS, and NSDUH series, we utilized data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), and the National Alcohol Survey (NAS). The six sets of surveys we analyzed are all designed to be nationally representative of the non-institutionalized adult US population, but may vary with respect to the sampling universe and other methods. Links to sources with methodological details about each survey as well as available data are provided in Supplementary Table 1. All surveys utilize multi-stage complex sampling and all are administered at the national level, with the exception of the BRFSS, which is administered by individual states. All 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in the BRFSS during the period studied (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017b). Data for all surveys except the NESARC and NAS were downloaded from publicly available websites; for the BRFSS and NHANES, these data are curated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For the NHIS, we used the Integrated Health Interview System, which is part
