Patients receiving ECT as part of inpatient management of bipolar disorder had about a five-fold higher likelihood of longer hospitalization (OR = 4.967; 95% CI 4.500–5.483; p < 0.001) and an eight-fold greater likelihood of total charges more than the median (OR = 8.105; 95% CI 7.168–9.164; p < 0.001). Bipolar males with BPD had higher odds of suicidality than females (OR = 1.126; 95% CI 1.102–1.151; p < 0.001). Also, bipolar patients with major severity of illness were more likely to be suicidal (OR = 1.484; 95% CI 1.412–1.558; p < 0.001). The predictors of adverse outcomes of bipolar patients with BPD are mentioned in Table 4.
