The Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) is funded as part of the Gene Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) initiative supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute (http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000092.v1.p1). A total of 2,736 EA and 1,276 AA unrelated individuals were included for this study. Some cocaine users were recruited for SAGE and the sample informative for alcohol MaxDrinks was also partially comorbid with cocaine use. SAGE also included the individuals with Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence greater than 3. Alcohol and nicotine dependence are common in population. We did not exclude subjects with nicotine dependence. The number of MaxDrinks was assessed by inquiring as to the number of standard drinks consumed within a 24-hour period. Consistent with the MaxDrinks variable from Yale-UPenn, the MaxDrinks reported in the SAGE data and transformed to LogM for genetic analysis. A detailed description of this sample was reported previously (Gelernter et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2013).
