To measure work exhaustion, we used five items from the Maslach Burnout Indicator (Maslach et al., 2018). Previous researchers have widely used, applied, and validated this measure (Golden, 2006; Hakanen et al., 2006). The five items included the following: (a) “I feel emotionally drained from my work”; (b) “I feel used up at the end of the workday”; (c) “I feel tired when I get up in the morning and have to face another day on the job”; (d) “Working all day is really a strain for me”; (e) and “I feel burned out from my work.” The provided answer options were never, a few times a year or less, once a month or less, a few times a month, once a week, a few times a week, and every day, and answers were given numerical values of 0–6, respectively. The internal consistency of the scale was excellent in Time Points 1 and 2 (T1 and T2; T1: α = 0.92, T2: α = 0.92). The scale ranged from 0 to 30. Work exhaustion is the only measure that includes missing observations (n = 18 in T1, and n = 13 in T2).
