Of the original 678 participants, 53.2% were male, 86.8% were African American, and 13.2% were Caucasian. Additionally, 63.4% of the participants qualified for free or reduced lunch, a proxy for low socioeconomic status (Ensminger et al., 2000). Over half of the African American sample qualified for free or reduced lunch (70.6%) and just over half of the Caucasian sample qualified for free or reduced lunch (53.8%). As for the racial breakdown by design, 188 African Americans were in the control condition, while 201 African Americans were in the CC intervention and 196 African Americans were in the FSP intervention conditions. Additionally, 31 Caucasians were in the control condition, and 29 Caucasian and 33 Caucasian participants were in the CC intervention and FSP intervention conditions, respectively. The participants ages at the start of first grade ranged from 5.3 years to 7.7 years (mean 6.2, SD ± .34). Assessments were carried out in the fall of grade 1, with annual follow-up assessments in the spring of grades 6 through 12. Genetic samples were collected shortly after high school. Written informed consent was
