Several stress-responsive pathways were significantly affected, with most affected genes having increased expression. These include the unfolded protein response pathway, endoplasmic stress response and the NRF2 mediated oxidative stress pathway. These were also significantly affected in the LCLs treated with ethanol and in LCLs of alcoholics compared to controls (McClintick et al., 2019). The Hif1α pathway, which responds to low oxygen stress, is decreased, which might increase the impact of the other stress-responsive pathways. Nearly 200 genes downstream of TP53 were affected. These include cyclins and several genes in the minichromosome maintenance complex (all decreased) which are involved in cell cycle checkpoint and control. Also downstream of TP53 are SREBF1 and cholesterol biosynthesis genes.
