While measures of psychopathy may be less “biased”, those measures are more difficult to document with respect to their the age of onset or how those traits may change over time. Understanding differences in the age and prevalence of documentable antisocial behaviors may potentially help to refine and guide diagnosis and treatment strategies that could lead to early interventions (see Brazil et al., 2018; Raine et al., 2021). Recent investigations have pointed to potential new modalities to treat patients with antisocial behaviors, particularly in children and adolescents, such as Multisystemic Therapy and Functional Family Therapy (see Bjornebekk and Morkrid Thogersen, 2021 for review) and omega-3 supplementation (Raine et al., 2016; Raine et al., 2021). While there is no direct evidence that any one pharmacotherapy can target antisocial symptoms in adults there is some support for the effectiveness of medication to target impulsive and/or aggressive behaviors (Brazil et al., 2018). Further studies of pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy for distinct symptoms of early antisocial behaviors, such as bullying and/or cruelty to animals, may be a productive approach for the future.
