sex and population differences in the joint contributions of environmental factors and genetic variants associated with AUD to alcohol phenotypes, yet this line of research is highly informative in identifying resilient and high-risk populations. Exploration of moderation by other environmental influences at the familial (e.g., parental monitoring) and community (e.g., neighborhood poverty) levels is therefore merited. Furthermore, examination of sex and racial/ethnic differences in GxE effects using a broader range of genetic variants associated with the many biological pathways involved in alcohol consumption and addiction vulnerability will lead to a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying gene–environment interplay as well as sources of sex and racial/ethnic differences in moderation effects.
