fathers would have lower rates of remission due to their higher familial risk. These authors suggest that different sets of genes may influence the development versus remission of alcohol dependence, or that genetics may have a larger influence on the development of dependence whereas psychosocial influences may be more salient for remission (Knop et al. 2007). The same sample was used to examine associations of 361 putative predictors of alcohol dependence with remission status at the 40-year follow-up, with the aim of identifying pre-morbid endophenotypes for alcohol dependence (Penick et al. 2010). All but four of the measures tested were collected before the development of an AUD, during the perinatal, early school-age and late adolescent periods. Of the 361 measures, only 18 had univariate associations (p ≤ 0.10, uncorrected for multiple testing) with remission status at the 40-year follow-up; family history of alcohol problems was not among them (Penick et al. 2010). Studies with shorter follow-up periods have similar results. History of alcohol dependence in first-degree relatives had no association with remission in a group of American Indians remitted for at least 6 months (Gilder et al. 2008). In a clinical sample followed for 36 months after intensive out-patient treatment,
