Mohsin & Bauman, 2005; “Smoking during pregnancy--United States, 1990–2002,” 2004). Others have reported that 12–15% of all women of childbearing age smoke while pregnant (Cnattingius, 2004; Goodwin, Keyes, & Simuro, 2007). Considering the fact that women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to be nicotine dependent, less likely to quit, and importantly, have a partner who smokes (Agrawal et al., 2008; Knopik et al., 2005), it is important to also keep in mind the additional effects of second-hand smoke exposure, which are very difficult to tease apart from direct prenatal primary smoke exposure. That is, women who are pregnant may also be exposed to secondhand smoke in homes, vehicles, the workplace, or public areas. More than 126 million nonsmoking adults continue to be exposed to secondhand smoke and current estimates suggest that almost 60 percent of children, aged 3–11, are exposed to secondhand smoke (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006). Thus, exposure to cigarette smoke remains a common and hazardous in utero exposure.
