Peer group deviance was measured with 12 items taken from two well-validated measures (Johnston et al., 1982; Tarter and Hegedus, 1991). Items asked respondents to report how many of their friends engaged in certain behaviors such as: selling drugs, smoking cigarettes, skipping school, or cheating on tests. Items were presented on a 5-point Likert-type scale anchored with 1 (None) and 5 (All). Higher scores indicate higher levels of deviance among peers.
