Figure S23 (top right) plots the SE of SHAPEIT2+duoHMM versus Merlin on simulated data with realistic levels of genotyping error. SHAPEIT2+duoHMM is generally more accurate (average of 0.033% versus 0.215% for Merlin on sites resolved by Merlin). Without any genotyping error (Figure S23 bottom right) the performance is much improved for Merlin (SHAPEIT2+duoHMM SE = 0.005%, Merlin = 0.021%).