We tested the utility of these filters by applying them to the virtual tumors benchmark and re-comparing the results with the calculations (Fig. 2a). The sensitivity estimated for both with (HC) and without (STD) filters is similar, indicating that the model is accurate with respect to detection and that the filters do not adversely impact sensitivity. However, after applying the filters (HC), the specificity increases and closely follows the calculations, suggesting that the filters have largely eliminated the systematic false positives (Fig. 2a, Supplementary Fig. 3).