De-identified data from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) were analyzed for the research reported in this manuscript. SAGE consists of existing data from three genetic studies of addiction: the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (COGEND), and the Family Study of Cocaine Dependence (FSCD). All participants in COGA, COGEND and FSCD provided written informed consent for genetic studies and agreed to share their DNA and phenotypic information for research purposes. The institutional review boards at all data collection sites granted approval for data collected from COGA, COGEND and FSCD to be used for the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment. Specifically, approval was obtained from the Washington University Human Research Protection Office (for COGA, COGEND and FSCD), the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Institutional Review Board (COGA), the University of Connecticut Health Center Human Subjects Protection Office (COGA), the Indiana University Research Compliance Administration (COGA), the University of California, San Diego Human Research Protections Program (COGA), the Howard University Institutional Review Board (COGA), The University
