Several patterns are worth noting. First, although SES was individually associated with the intercepts and slopes of externalizing problems (see Table 4), residualized SES was not a significant predictor of the ending values or slopes of externalizing problems when controlling for more proximal risk factors (positive parenting, single mother, divorce, and child to adult ratio). Second, males had higher ending values of externalizing problems than females, but males and females did not differ in their slopes (see Table 4). Third, in the individual models, African Americans tended to show greater increases in externalizing problems over time than European Americans, but African Americans no longer had greater increases than European Americans in externalizing problems over time when other risk factors, such as stress and peer deviance, were controlled.
