To elicit VS reactivity, participants completed a blocked design number-guessing paradigm, consisting of three blocks of predominantly positive feedback (80% correct guess; gain feedback), three blocks of predominantly negative feedback (80% incorrect guess; loss feedback) and three control blocks (displaying a yellow circle after each response) (Delgado et al. 2000; Hariri et al. 2006). Blocks are presented in pseudo-random order and are composed of five trials each. During each trial of the positive and negative feedback blocks, participants are given 3 s to guess via button press whether the value (between 1–4 or 6–9) of a card presented face-down is higher or lower than 5 (Supplementary Fig. S1). The numerical value of the card is then presented for 500 ms, followed by an arrow indicating positive (green upward-facing arrow) or negative (red downward-facing arrow) feedback for 500 ms. Finally, a neutral crosshair is presented for 3 s, such that the total trial length is 7 s. One incongruent trial (e.g. a negative-feedback trial within a predominantly positive block) was included within each block to maintain task engagement and motivation and
