The participants were 197 families with 12 month old infants at recruitment (96 girls and 101 boys) who volunteered for an ongoing longitudinal study of parenting and infant development. Families were classified as being in one of two major groups: the nonalcoholic group consisting of parents with no or few current alcohol problems (n=102), and the father alcoholic group (n=95). Ninety-five percent of the mothers were Caucasian, 4% were African-American, and 2% were Hispanic or Native-American. Similarly, 90% of fathers were Caucasian, 7% were African-American, and 3% were Hispanic or Native-American. The majority of the mothers had a post high school education such as an associate or vocational degree (29%) or were college graduates (27%). Two percent had not graduated from high school. The educational level of the fathers was similar, with 26% receiving a college degree and 21% receiving some post high school education. Only 3% had not graduated from high school. All of the mothers were residing with the father of the infant in the study at the time of recruitment. Eighty-eight percent of the participants were married
