Each participant completed a 1.5 to 2.5 hour face-to-face structured interview. The diagnostic sections of the interview were based on the Semi-Structured Assessment of the Genetics of Alcoholism - Australia (SSAGA-OZ) and allow for lifetime DSM-IV and/or DSM-III-R diagnoses to be made for opioid abuse and dependence, alcohol, cannabis, sedative, stimulants, and cocaine abuse and dependence, nicotine dependence, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episode, panic disorder and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) [39, 40]. A screener for borderline personality disorder (BPD) was adapted from the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) [41]. Sections of the Christchurch Health and Development Study interview were modified to assess for childhood trauma and adult victimization history [42]. Childhood trauma items assessed sexual abuse and physical abuse and conflict between parents. Family history information was collected using the Family History Assessment Module (FHAM) and the Family History Screen (FHS) [43]. There was also an additional section on heroin use adapted from the SSAGA-OZ [39, 40]. Information was also collected on suicidality, heroin overdose, and heroin treatment history.
