studies, the effect sizes of these identified loci are relatively small; however one subject may carry multiple risk loci. Within the COPDGene non-Hispanic whites, each additional copy of a risk allele within a composite risk score resulted in an increase in odds for COPD of 1•24; this estimate was similar whether the model included only loci previously discovered in studies not including COPDGene (e.g. 15q25, HHIP, and FAM13A loci), or included the additional loci (RIN3, TGFB2, MMP3/12) described in this study.
