or abstain from AU. One promising clinical avenue may be to bolster and strengthen prefrontal/executive control skills, to help AU youth improve their decision-making in favour of reducing AU. Similarly, approaches that re-orient AU youth to the relationship between incentive salience, control and reward might be particularly beneficial. Potential interventions include motivational interviewing (which enhances self-reflection and introspection substrates in adolescents; Feldstein Ewing et al., 2013), mindfulness (which allows youth to de-couple the link between desire to use and actual use; Bowen et al., 2014), and contingency management (which may help bolster the rewarding aspects of reduced use/abstinence; Stanger, Budney, & Bickel, 2013).
