To the best of our knowledge, our network meta-analysis represents the most comprehensive comparative synthesis to date on the efficacy and tolerability of medications for children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD. We have addressed the limitations of previous network meta-analyses, which focused selectively on children and adolescents19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or adults,25, 26, 27, 28 or included only published material,21, 22, 23, 24, 26 non-blinded trials,19, 21, 22, 23, 24 or non-core ADHD outcomes.19, 22, 25, 28