At baseline, criteria from the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST; Selzer, Vinokur, & van Rooijen, 1975), adapted to measure paternal and maternal drinking problems (F-SMAST and M-SMAST, respectively; Crews & Sher, 1992), and the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria interview (FH-RDC; Endicott, Andreasen, & Spitzer, 1978) were used to diagnose paternal FH. A positive FH was coded if the biological father scored a 4 or more on the F-SMAST (see Sher et al., 1991, for additional details concerning F-SMAST criteria) and met FH-RDC criteria for alcoholism. If no first-degree relative received a diagnosis of alcohol, drug abuse, or antisocial personality disorders and there was no AUD or drug use disorder in a second-degree relative, negative FH was coded. Sex and FH were entered as exogenous variables in all bivariate growth models to control for the potential influence of these variables on alcohol involvement, personality, and marital/parental status.
