Parental knowledge and adolescent externalizing were moderately negatively correlated in both samples (r = −.34 for NEAD, r = −.25 for TOSS). Parameter estimates for the full model are presented in Figure 2. There were significant influences of parents’ genes and nonshared environment on parental knowledge. Path m (from parental knowledge to adolescent externalizing) was significant, but path s (from A1’ to adolescent externalizing) was not, suggesting that parental knowledge exerts a direct environmental effect on adolescent externalizing. Path n (from adolescent externalizing to parental knowledge) was not significant. There were significant genetic influences on adolescent externalizing, but shared and nonshared environmental influences were not significant.
