Alcohol use patterns were assessed with questionnaires containing common item content administered at ages 16, 17, 18½, and 23 to 25 years and, for laboratory-studied twins, by an interview at age 25 (Semi-Structured Assessment for Genetics of Alcoholism [SSAGA]), yielding Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised [DSM-III-R] diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Questionnaires included extensive assessments of health habits and lifestyle, including a 22-item RAPI (White and Labouvie, 1989) at ages 18½ and 23 to 25, and an 11-item Malmö-Modified Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (Mm-MAST) (Dick et al., 2011; Seppä et al., 1990), as well as a lifetime measure of maximum number of drinks consumed in a 24-hour period (MAX-D24) at age 23 to 25. Adolescent RAPI scores are predictive of alcohol dependency diagnoses in early adulthood, correlating ∼0.5 with symptom counts and with a ∼75% probability that late adolescent RAPI scores will be higher among those with a diagnosis at age 25 follow-up than among those without (Dick et al., 2011). Lifetime self-report of MAX-D24 is predictive of diagnosis, as well, and both measures offer quantitative
